What is the programming on ROM chips commonly termed?

The programming on ROM chips is commonly termed firmware because firmware refers to a specific class of software that provides low-level control for a device's specific hardware. Firmware is often embedded into the hardware itself, and it operates at a level that is both hardware and software. This programming is stored in non-volatile memory, such as ROM (Read-Only Memory), ensuring that it remains intact even when the device is powered off.

Firmware serves as the intermediary between the hardware and higher-level software, allowing the operating system and applications to interact effectively with the physical components of a computer or electronic device. While software is a general term for any set of instructions that can be run by a computer, and hardware refers to the physical components themselves, firmware specifically denotes that layer of programming that is tightly coupled with the hardware, often requiring updates or additional programming to enhance functionality or fix issues. The kernel, while vital for operating system functionality, functions at a different level and is distinct from firmware.