In networking, what are "rules" referred to as?

In networking, the term "protocols" specifically refers to the established set of rules and conventions that dictate how data is transmitted and received over a network. These protocols ensure that devices can communicate effectively, regardless of their underlying hardware or software architectures. For instance, protocols like TCP/IP govern how data packets are formatted, transmitted, and acknowledged, ensuring reliable communication over interconnected networks.

The concept of protocols includes not just the rules for data transmission but also error handling, data integrity checks, and how connections are established and terminated. This structured approach is essential for the seamless operation of networks and the various applications that run on them, making protocols a fundamental component of networking technology.